Why scale wastes fuel and overheats boiler tubes, how a feedwater treatment chain is built, and what blowdown really costs, with worked numbers for a 2 t/h plant.

How to compare gas, oil, coal, biomass and electric boilers on cost per useful kWh, with a worked 2 t/h example covering fuel quantities, deliveries, ash and CO2.

Steam links temperature to pressure; thermal oil does not. The saturation table, heat per kilogram, the pressure vessel regime, water cost and a selection guide by application.